SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 166 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    16, 5, 24, 1, 22, 149, 190, 189, 245, 238, 
    239, 242, 243, 59, 58, 60, 172, 134, 135, 
    168, 167, 169, 42, 39, 40, 312, 288, 287, 
    37, 74, 73, 71, 75, 72, 70, 156, 175, 43, 
    76, 56, 57, 30, 246, 173, 67, 25, 154, 
    53, 52, 161, 165, 166, 86, 106, 105, 101, 
    33, 32, 163, 155, 55, 69, 184, 183
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00098

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "42.71"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "2.30"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 84,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.55",
              "eval_cost": "0.67",
              "prefix_cost": "20.22",
              "data_read_per_join": "8K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "atulecarter_atul_demo2.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 4,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "17.08",
            "index_condition": "(`atulecarter_atul_demo2`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (16,5,24,1,22,149,190,189,245,238,239,242,243,59,58,60,172,134,135,168,167,169,42,39,40,312,288,287,37,74,73,71,75,72,70,156,175,43,76,56,57,30,246,173,67,25,154,53,52,161,165,166,86,106,105,101,33,32,163,155,55,69,184,183))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "14.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.46",
              "prefix_cost": "37.66",
              "data_read_per_join": "36"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "atulecarter_atul_demo2.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "2.30",
              "eval_cost": "0.46",
              "prefix_cost": "40.42",
              "data_read_per_join": "36"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}