SELECT 
  product_id, 
  group_id 
FROM 
  cscart_product_variation_group_products 
WHERE 
  group_id IN (16, 10, 11)

Query time 0.00027

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "11.92"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_product_variation_group_products",
      "access_type": "index",
      "possible_keys": [
        "idx_group_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "group_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "6",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 49,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 12,
      "filtered": "24.49",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "9.52",
        "eval_cost": "2.40",
        "prefix_cost": "11.92",
        "data_read_per_join": "192"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "product_id",
        "group_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`atulecarter_atul_demo1`.`cscart_product_variation_group_products`.`group_id` in (16,10,11))"
    }
  }
}